Lee, Valerie E. and Ruth B. Ekstrom. 1987. Student Access to Guidance Counseling in High School. American Educational Research Journal 24(2): 287—310.

Using data from the first and second High School and Beyond (HS&B) surveys, the authors confirm that high school counseling is unequally distributed in schools across the country. Students from low-income and minority families and those in small schools in rural areas have less access to counseling and are more likely to be placed in nonacademic curricular tracks and to take fewer math courses. There is also an association between educational aspirations and access to career/college counseling, as students planning to attend two-year colleges receive less counseling than those planning to attend a four-year university. The study concludes that a more equitable distribution of guidance counseling should focus on making school outcomes more equitable for disadvantaged students.

Trent, William T., Heather Sophia Lee, and Dawn Owens-Nicholson. 2006. Perceptions of Financial Aid Among Students of Color: Examining the Role(s) of Self-Concept, Locus of Control, and Expectations. American Behavioral Scientist 49(12): 1739—1759.

The authors use a variety of survey data sources to uncover distinctions in debt tolerance between racial and ethnic groups. Unlike other research, their sample does not find significant differences in debt tolerance between sexes or racial or ethnic groups. However, the authors do find debt tolerance to be related to students‚ attitudes, educational aspirations, and sense of family support, with more positive notions related to a greater willingness to assume educational debt.