Lee, Valerie E. and Ruth B. Ekstrom. 1987. <em>Student Access to Guidance Counseling in High School.</em> American Educational Research Journal 24(2): 287&#8212;310.<br />
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	Using data from the first and second High School and Beyond (HS&B) surveys, the authors confirm that high school counseling is unequally distributed in schools across the country. Students from low-income and minority families and those in small schools in rural areas have less access to counseling and are more likely to be placed in nonacademic curricular tracks and to take fewer math courses. There is also an association between educational aspirations and access to career/college counseling, as students planning to attend two-year colleges receive less counseling than those planning to attend a four-year university. The study concludes that a more equitable distribution of guidance counseling should focus on making school outcomes more equitable for disadvantaged students.<br />
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Tornatzky, Louis, Richard Cutler, and Jongho Lee. 2002. <em>College Knowledge: What Latino Parents Need to Know and Why They Don&#8218;t Know It.</em> Los Angeles, CA: Tomas Rivera Policy Institute (TRPI).<br />
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	The authors use data from a telephone survey of 1,054 Latino parents and in-depth interviews with 41 of those parents in Chicago, New York, and Los Angeles to investigate what Latino parents know about the college admissions process. These parents were asked to complete an eight-item "test" of factual college knowledge. The authors find that two-thirds of the respondents missed at least half of the items. In addition, parents of lower socioeconomic status and educational attainment exhibit the greatest knowledge deficit. Tornatzky et al. find that important sources of college-relevant information include counselors, teachers, family, printed materials, and the internet &#8212; but not English and Spanish mass media. The authors conclude with several recommendations to improve outreach to Latino parents, including bridging the language barrier, improving public service announcement campaigns, increasing the number of bilingual high school staff, making college visits more accessible, and increasing government funding for programs that raise college knowledge and awareness.